CRIMEA
Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe located on the northern shore of the Black Sea and surrounded by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It is located in the south of the Kherson Oblast of Ukraine and in the west of the Kuban region of Russia. It is connected to the Kherson Oblast by the Perekop Isthmus and is separated from the Kerch Strait and the Kuban.
Crimean lands have been intervened many times throughout its history. At first, Cimmerians, Ancient Greece, Scythians, Goths, Huns, Bulgarians, Khazars, Kievan Rus' state, Byzantine Greeks, Kipchaks, Ottoman Turks, Golden Horde Tatars and Mongols dominated Crimea. Partially controlled by the Venetians and Genoese in the 13th century; In the following period, the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire from the 15th century to the 18th century, the Russian Empire from the 18th to the 20th century, II. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic within Germany during World War II and later in the Soviet Union for the remainder of the 20th century. Today, along with Russia, Abkhazia is considered part of Russia by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Armenia, Ghana, South Ossetia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Uganda, Belarus and Afghanistan, while the remaining countries consider it part of Ukraine. Crimea is now under the de facto sovereignty of Russia.
Refat Chubarov, Crimean Tatar politician, former Ukrainian deputy, President of the current Crimean Tatar National Assembly. He studied at the Moscow State Institute of History and Archives. He became a member of the commission on human rights, national minorities and interethnic relations in the Ukrainian Assembly.
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Crimea, as a result of events that erupted in the Ukraine, was then a relatively long one re-entered the agenda of Turkey. Both Turkey while each head a relevant voice in the world community as well as the Crimea, perhaps it is useful to briefly look at the history of the Crimea in order to better understand what is going on with the current geo-politics of the maze.
VIDEO OF THE KIRIM
TURKMENISTAN - TURKEY FRIENDSHIP COMMERCIAL
Turkey, declared its independence after the collapse of the USSR in 1991 October 27th and the first to recognize that Turkmenistan is the first country to open an Embassy in Ashgabat. Our country supports Turkmenistan's neutral status.
There are special relations between two sister countries and peoples who share a common history, language, religion and culture, based on “One Nation, Two States” based on balanced, mutual respect and cooperation. The cooperation between the two countries follows a positive course in all areas, especially foreign policy, trade and economy, culture and education.
Our President made his first official visit to the Central Asian region to Turkmenistan as the President on 6-7 November 2014. Turkmenistan President Berdimuhamedov, on 3-4 March 2015, to participate in the 6th International Turkmenistan Investment Forum and hold official contacts; He visited our country for an official meeting on 24 April 2015 and finally on 7 August 2015 to participate in the events organized on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Çanakkale Land Wars. He participated in the conference "Politics of Neutrality: International Cooperation in the Name of Peace, Security and Development" held in Ashgabat on December 12, 2015, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Neutrality of Turkmenistan.
The two Presidents finally held a private meeting on the margin of the 13th ECO Summit held in Islamabad on 1 March 2017.
Mr. Minister on his first official visit to Central Asia, 28 January 2015 in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan-Turkey-Azerbaijan Foreign Ministers made on the occasion of the Tripartite meeting. Accompanying our President at the international conference organized on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Turkmenistan's Neutrality, Minister Çavuşoğlu visited Turkmenistan on 12 December 2015.
Minister Meredov visited our country four times in 2015. Minister Meredov recently visited our country on October 29, 2016 on the occasion of the Republic Day and was received by our President on the same day.
A delegation chaired by the Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications attended the opening ceremony of Turkmenbashi Port on May 2, 2018 and the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Transport Ministers Meeting held on May 3, 2018.
During his visit to Turkmenistan on 8-9 November 2018, Minister Çavuşoğlu was received by President Berdimuhamedov and had an inter-delegation meeting with his counterpart Meredov.
Crimean History
In Crimea and its environs, the sultans of Genghis, that is, the genus of Genghis Khan, and the khans who were enthroned, became independent and came under the auspices of the Ottoman Empire during the time of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han. As a result, the country of Crimea, whose loyalty and subordination gradually increased, gradually became a part of the Ottoman country.
Since we need to know the translation of some of the Crimean Khans in order to know the truth and details of this, we present below some of the famous Crimean Khans' translations.
The addition of the word “Geray” to the names of the Crimean Khans was not a custom before, but it became a custom and custom after the Hacı Geray Khan, who ascended the throne in 841 [AD 1438] and ruled for 30 years **. Tatar khans, sultans and ayâni gave their suckling children to the training of one of the tribes until adolescence, according to an old custom.
Giyaseddin Sultan, who was the father of Haci Geray and whose lineage reached Genghis Khan in seven naves, was also raised by the "Geray" tribe in accordance with this custom. On the day of his return from pilgrimage, Devletgeldi Sufi, one of the notables of the Geray tribe, named him "Haci Geray" because his son was born. Thus, he wanted to commemorate and glorify the name of the tribe that raised himself and the hajj-i sharîf of Devletgeldi Sufi. When the time came and Haji Geray took the throne, Devletgeldi Sufi explained this event to him and asked the addition of the word Geray to the names of the sultans (Crimean Khans) from the Genghis Khan generation. It was a custom to add the name Geray to the names of the inns upon this request.
Republic of the Crimea
Crimea, as a result of events that erupted in the Ukraine, was then a relatively long one re-entered the agenda of Turkey. Both Turkey while each head a relevant voice in the world community as well as the Crimea, perhaps it is useful to briefly look at the history of the Crimea in order to better understand what is going on with the current geo-politics of the maze.
KIRIM Geography
Crimea is a peninsula south of the Sea of Azov, north of the Black Sea. It extends eastward with the Kerch peninsula. Towards the north the barren steppes rise towards 1000-1500 meters with slight bumps. It resembles the Mediterranean with its thorny heather, sheep and goat production. The southern slopes go down to rocky gulfs with steep slopes. The Mediterranean climate is dominant in this area, which is closed to northern winds. Average temperature is 13C ° in Yalta and it is rainy on Number 70 days of the year; but the winters are very harsh. Rainfall occurs in the winter and autumn seasons. In the past, it was connected to the Ukrainian territory with the Perekop peninsula and had no physical connection with Ukraine through the canal built.
KIRIM Physical Structure
Crimea is a peninsula south of the Sea of Azov, north of the Black Sea. It extends eastward with the Kerch peninsula. Towards the north the barren steppes rise towards 1000-1500 meters with slight bumps. It resembles the Mediterranean with its thorny heather, sheep and goat production. The southern slopes go down to rocky gulfs with steep slopes. The Mediterranean climate is dominant in this area, which is closed to northern winds. Average temperature is 13C ° in Yalta and it is rainy on Number 70 days of the year; but the winters are very harsh. Rainfall occurs in the winter and autumn seasons. In the past, it was connected to the Ukrainian territory with the Perekop peninsula and had no physical connection with Ukraine through the canal built.
KIRIM Population and Social Life
The census carried out in Crimea do not give very reliable results due to the turbulent history and controversial situation of the peninsula. Even today, many centers of Russian and Ukrainian origin give different numbers from each other. For this reason, the healthiest possible results will be given in this section by compiling from different sources.
The first census in Crimea that gave information about ethnic and religious identities during the Tsarist period was in 1897. According to this census, the three most populous nations among the total population of 546,592;
194,294 Crimean Tatars, 35.55% of the total population,
180,963 Russians, 33.11%
There are 64,703 Ukrains, 11.84%. [21]
The three most populous nations among the total population of 713,823 in the census in 1926;
179,094 Crimean Tatars, 25.1% of the total population,
301,398 Russians, 42.2%
There are 77,405 Ukrains, 10.6%. [22]
The three most populous nations among a total population of 1,126,429 in the census in 1939;
218,879 Crimean Tatars, 19.4% of the total population,
558,481 Russians, 49.6% of which
There are 154,123 Ukrains to be 13.7%. [23]
In the census conducted in 1959, among a total of 1,201,517 population;
858,273 Russians, 71.4% of the total population,
There are 267,659 Ukrains, 22.3%. [24]
The number of Crimean Tatars is not specified in this dated census, but given the increase in the proportion of Russian and Ukrainians, the Crimean Tatar exile becomes clear.
Out of a total population of 2,184,000 in the 1979 census,
5,422 Crimean Tatars, 0.2% of the total population
1,460,980 Russians, of which 66.9%
There are 547,336 Ukrains, 25.1%. [25]
Among the total population of 2,430,495 in the census in 1989,
38,365 Crimean Tatars, 6.1% of the total population,
1,629,542 Russians, 67%
There are 625,919 Ukrains, 25.8%. [26]
In order to understand the current population balance, the most important censuses are the census carried out by Ukraine in 2001 and the census carried out by Russia in 2014.
According to the Reports of the Ukrainian Community of Crimea Regional Public Organization;
In the census conducted by Ukraine in 2001:
Russians are 60.4% in Crimea, including Sevastopol; Ukrainians at 24%; Crimean Tatars had a share of 10.2%.
In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea alone, Russians are 58.5%; Ukrainians at 24.3%; Crimean Tatars with 12.1%; In Sevastopol, the Russians are 71.6%; Ukrainians at 22.4%; Crimean Tatars had a 0.5% share.
The distribution of native languages in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was as follows: 77% for Russian, 11.4% for Crimean Tatar and 10.1% for the Ukrainian language.
In Sevastopol, 90.6% of the population spoke Russian, 6.8% Ukrainian and less than 1% Crimean Tatar.
In the census conducted by the Russians in 2014:
In the Republic of Crimea, the Russians made up 65% of the total population, with a total of 1.19 million people, and 81%, 303,100 people in Sevastopol. Ukrainians made up 16% of the total population, of which 291,600 people in the Republic of Crimea, and 14.2% of the city, of which 52,900 people in Sevastopol. Crimean Tatars made up 10.6% of the total population, with 232,300 people. Languages spoken in the Republic of Crimea are: Russian 84%; Crimean Tatar 7.9%; In Ukrainian it is 3.3%. [27]
The Economy of the Crimea
The economy of the Crimean Khanate was directly related to the success of maritime trade and expeditions.
The Khanate was sending a lot of soldiers to the European campaigns of the Ottoman Empire, after a while the Crimean cavalry became indispensable soldiers for the Ottomans. War gains were beneficial to both the Ottoman economy and the Crimean economy, so as the Ottoman armies began to retreat in Europe, the Crimean economy began to deteriorate [citation needed].
The land army consisted mainly of horsemen. Horsemen; The khan's captains, center soldiers and tribal-tribal forces made up the army.
The Kapıkulları were the fine forces of the inn whose salaries were given by the Ottoman sultan; For the first time in 1532, when Sâhip Giray was sent from Istanbul, 60 artillerymen, 300 mercenaries, a force of 1,000 secban and 40 conquerors, 30 sergeants and 60 fief and fief owners were given to him by the sultan.
The horsemen, who constituted the main part of the Crimean forces, were soldiers who did not break the classical steppe traditions and therefore did not demand firearms. The Khanate did not have an artillery army, and the Ottomans did not want the khanate to have an artillery force due to the claims raised from time to time on the Kefe.
The major military operations, which the Crimean Armies called "expeditions", just like the Ottomans, were led by the khan and many soldiers participated in them. Small attacks called "Maraud" were generally carried out by the soldiers of a nobleman in the regions carefully selected in accordance with the agreements made by the inn with foreign states. Many slaves were captured from the marauders.
Another important source of income for Crimea was slavery. The people that Tatar soldiers gathered from the Russian steppes and the Caucasus under the name of "steppe harvest" were both employed in villages and sold. If the house ranged from 10 to 20 percent of the income of these slaves, it received a share called "savga". According to some researches, 3 million people from many nations such as Ukrainian, Caucasian, Circassian, Russian and Polish were used in the slave market during the time of the Crimean Khanate. One of the most famous of these slaves was Hürrem Sultan.
Kefe, in particular, was one of the most important slave markets.
The large library of the Crimean khans was burned in the 1737 siege of Bahçesaray by the Russians.
Crimea - Turkey Relations
Mass migrations from the Crimea to Turkey, mainly by eliminating the Crimean Khanate in 1783 took place after the annexation of the Crimea Russian Empire. However, before 1783, there were migrations of considerable size, although not well known, from Crimea to the Ottoman lands.
Today's data could be maintained by the Republic of Turkey to the people who have come in very ancient date from the Crimea over the land is available. For example, XIV. We know that in the last quarter of the century, thousands of Kipchaks from Crimea (not yet under Ottoman rule) were settled in the vicinity of Kars and Iğdır by the Golden Horde Khan Toktamış Han. The Hatunoğulları, who are a very famous sultan in Iğdır and Erzurum today, are descended from these people who were settled in the region before the Crimean Khanate was established. Hatunoğulları remember their past with knowledge and respect.
The Crimean Khanate, the heir of the Golden Horde, and the XV. Following the alliance in the last quarter of the century, many people from Crimea came to the Ottoman lands individually, both from the military and from the academic class. Among them, there were also people who made an extraordinary theme in the Ottoman civil, scientific, military, economic and financial life. In addition, individual Crimean Tatar groups came and settled in Ottoman Rumelia, Ottoman Anatolia and Ottoman Syria. For example, İlber Ortaylı XV. He notes that he came across a community that came from Crimea and settled in Tekfurdağı (Tekirdağ). Likewise, the Black Sea coasts of Anatolia for various reasons XVI., XVII. and XVIII. It is possible to find the traces of the Crimean Tatars who settled in the centuries even today. There is no doubt that such individuals or groups of Crimean origin can be found even in unimaginable corners of the vast Ottoman geography. However, all these "early" migrations that we have mentioned consist of population movements that cannot be considered demographically critical, ultimately due to personal or cyclical reasons.
