The Kazakhs' appearance on the stage of history coincides with the 15th century. The Turkish tribes living in the steppe region during the reign of Şeybani Ruler Ebü'l-Hayr migrated to the east under the rule of Canıbek and Kerey, the sons of Barak Khan from the same family, and made the lands of the Çağatay Dynasty. Together with the nomadic Turkish tribes living here, they reached a population of two hundred thousand people. Later, when the Naymanlar, Celayirliler and Duğlatlar joined them, a Kazakh community of one million was formed. Canıbekoğlu Kasım Han was ruled by those who lived around Balkaş, and Kereyoğlu Burunduk Han ruled those who lived in the region up to the Urals. Kasım Han eliminated Burunduk Khan, the son of his uncle, and took all the Kazakhs under his rule and formed an army of three hundred thousand people. After Kasım Han, his son Aknazor Khan (1520-1555), after him his son Shigay Khan (1555-1570) became the ruler of Kazan. During the time of Shigay Khan, all of the steppes came under Kazakh rule. Tevekkel Han (1570-1600), who replaced Shigay Khan, captured Tashkent and made it the capital city. He divided the Kazakh lands into three separate "there". From west to east, the part that includes the Semireciye region to the north of Tien Shan was called BüyükOrda (Uluyüz), the part that includes the middle steppe region to the east of the Aral Lake, OrtaOrda (Ortayüz), and the part between the Aral Lake and the Ural River was called Küçük Orda (Kiçiyüz). His brother Isim Han (1600-1623), who replaced Tevekkel Khan, constantly warned against the Çungarya Kalmyks (Oryats). His brother Cihangir (1623-1655), who succeeded him after him, defeated the Kalmyks in 1626. His son Tekva Han (1655-1678) replaced him after Cihangir Han.

During the reign of Pulta Han (1678-1718), who became the sultan after Tekva Han, Çungarya Kalmyks conquered the regions as far as Turkistan. The unity of the Cossacks broke down. The there started to fight each other. Taking advantage of this situation, the Russians first dominated the Small Horde (1731), then the Middle Horde (1743), and then the Great Horde (1846) under the Hokand Khanate. Thus, all Kazakh lands fell into the hands of Tsarist Russia. Starting from the second half of the 19th century, new housing centers were established in Kazakh lands and Russians were settled. In 1916, when the entire male population between the ages of 19-43 was called into the army, the Kazakhs revolted. But this revolt was bloody suppressed by the Russians.

After the 1917 revolution, the Kazakh government called Alaş Orda was established. The Red Army invaded Kazakhstan in 1920 and a Muhtar Soviet Republic was established in Oranburg. Later, Alma-Ata became the capital city. Nomads were forced to settle down in 1929. A large number of Russians and Ukrainians were settled in Kyrgyzstan. The Cossacks who opposed this were brutally massacred. Although Kazakh children were raised as atheists, far from national and religious culture, they could not succeed. With a new arrangement made in 1936, the Kazakh Autonomous region was transformed into the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. After the Glasnost movements in Russia and with the dissolution of the former Soviet Union in August 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan declared its independence.

Turkmenistan is the country in Central Asia. It is surrounded by Kazakhstan in the northwest, Uzbekistan in the north, northeast and east, and Afghanistan and Iran in the south.

Approximately 90 percent of Turkmenistan is covered with deserts. Karakum , one of the largest sand deserts in the world, covers the central part of Turkmenistan and extends towards Kazakhstan. There are also a number of low mountains and hills in Turkmenistan. The Kugitang and Kopet mountains in the south are extensions of the Pamir-Alay Mountain Range. Earthquakes occur frequently in and around the Kopet Mountains, which is a geologically young region.

A harsh continental climate prevails in Turkmenistan, which is located in the inner parts of Asia, with the effect of surface shapes. Temperature varies widely throughout the year and day. The temperature, which rarely falls below 35 ° C in summer, rises up to 50 ° C in the shade in the Karakum Desert in the southeast; In the winter months, it drops to -33 ° C in Kuşka on the border with Afghanistan. Humidity is low and precipitation is insufficient. The average annual precipitation is around 80 mm in the northwest deserts, and up to 300 mm in the mountainous regions.

The main rivers in Turkmenistan are the Ceyhun (Amu Derya) River, which flows along the northeastern border of the country and flows into Lake Aral, and the Herirud (Tecen), Murgab and Atrek rivers. Many canals have been built in the country for irrigation purposes. The construction of the Karakum Canal, one of the world's largest irrigation and transportation canals along the Karakum Desert, began in the 1950s and was completed in 1988. In Turkmenistan, apart from the oases, valleys and plateaus covered with a soil layer suitable for irrigated agriculture, the natural vegetation displays desert characteristics. Wild grapes, almonds, figs and walnuts are grown in the valleys of the Kopet Mountains, and poplar , willow and reed grow on the river banks.

In Turkmenistan, foxes , wild cats and gazelles live in the desert areas , and goats , cheetahs , lynxes and porcupines live in the mountainous areas. Water birds migrating in large flocks stay on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea in winter. Various fish species live in the Caspian Sea, primarily sturgeon , which is famous for its caviar.